Exploitation des gaz de schiste vers dautres méthodes que la fracturation hydraulique
Exploitation des gaz de schiste : vers d’autres méthodes que la fracturation hydraulique ?Vendredi dernier, le Conseil constitutionnel a confirmé la loi interdisant la fracturation hydraulique pour exploiter les gaz de schiste. Une décision saluée par le président François Hollande et beaucoup d’autres. Mais le doute demeure quant à l’utilisation d’autres techniques. La fracturation hydraulique ne sera pas utilisée en France. C’est la décision qu’a prise vendredi le Conseil constitutionnel en validant l’interdiction de cette technique pour exploiter les gaz de schiste. C’est la première fois que le Conseil constitutionnel se prononce sur la loi du 13 juillet 2011, adoptée au terme de plusieurs mois de mobilisation en France contre les gaz de schiste. C’est la société texane Schuepbach qui était à l’origine de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité (QPC) soumise au Conseil.En effet, celle-ci contestait la légalité de l’abrogation qu’ont connu deux de ses permis de recherche à Nant et Villeneuve-de-Berg, dans le sud de la France. Lors de l’audience tenue le 24 septembre, l’avocat de la société avait ainsi estimé que l’annulation des permis constituait une application “trop rigoureuse” du principe de précaution. “Il n’existe aucune étude démontrant que la fracturation hydraulique présente le moindre risque”, avait affirmé Me Marc Fornacciari repris par l’AFP.La fracturation hydraulique consiste à créer des fissures dans les roches riches en hydrocarbures en injectant à haute pression un mélange d’eau, de sable et d’adjuvants chimiques. Or, cette technique est vivement dénoncée en raison de son impact environnemental et les risques de pollution et d’activité sismique qu’elle engendrerait. Mais le Conseil n’a pas donné raison à la société texane, estimant que les dispositions de la loi de juillet 2011 “sont conformes à la Constitution”. Une décision saluée Cette loi “avait été votée par la majorité précédente et j’avais toujours dit qu’elle devait continuer à être la règle qui devait prévaloir en matière de gaz de schiste. Il était important que le Conseil constitutionnel lui donne maintenant toute sa place et toute son autorité. Cette loi était plusieurs fois contestée, elle est maintenant incontestable”, a réagi le chef de l’Etat, François Hollande à l’annonce de la décision du Conseil. Le ministre de l’Ecologie Philippe Martin a également salué la décision indiquant que “c’est une victoire juridique, mais aussi écologique et politique”. “Avec cette décision, l’interdiction de la fracturation hydraulique est générale et absolue. Elle s’applique à la recherche et l’exploitation des hydrocarbures conventionnels et non-conventionnels. La loi du 13 juillet est désormais juridiquement inattaquable”, a indiqué cet opposant de longue date à l’exploitation des gaz de schiste repris par l’AFP.Rechercher d’autres méthodes ?Toutefois, si la France a fermé la porte à la fracturation hydraulique, le dossier des gaz de schiste n’est pas complètement refermé. Car d’autres méthodes d’exploitation pourraient voir le jour, comme l’a laissé entendre François Hollande. “Cette loi prévoit uniquement l’interdiction du gaz de schiste par fracturation hydraulique, elle n’empêche pas la recherche dans d’autres domaines”, a déclaré le président. Un point de vue apparemment partagé par Anne Lauvergeon, ancienne présidente d’Areva.Interrogée dimanche sur Europe 1, celle-ci a en effet estimé que l’interdiction prononcée par le Conseil constitutionnel n’entravait en rien la recherche dans l’exploitation des gaz et pétrole de schiste. Elle a même précisé ne pas comprendre le débat sur l’utilisation de la fracturation hydraulique : “il faudrait d’abord regarder si ces gaz de schiste existent ou pas, commencer par faire un inventaire… avant de se battre sur comment on va l’exploiter”. À lire aussiGaz de schiste : l’AIE plaide en faveur de son développementPourquoi, parce qu’on a parlé de fracture hydraulique, on dit “il n’y a plus rien à faire, on ne cherche pas ?”, a-t-elle interrogé. “Si la fracturation hydraulique pose un certain nombre de problèmes comme on l’a vu aux États-Unis […], je crois qu’il faut qu’on laisse la possibilité à l’expérimentation avec d’autres méthodes. Surtout si nous avons effectivement des gaz conventionnels sous nos pieds de l’équivalent du Qatar”, a indiqué l’ancienne présidente d’Areva.Le principe d’innovation Il “faudrait qu’on équilibre par un principe d’innovation le principe de précaution ancré dans la Constitution. Sinon, l’application du principe de précaution, c’est on s’assied sur un trottoir et on attend la fin”, a-t-elle déclaré ajoutant “moi j’ai compris que la loi n’empêchait absolument pas de chercher d’autres méthodes”. Dans cet esprit, Mme Lauvergeon a remis vendredi un rapport au président Hollande sur sept secteurs d’innovations technologiques et industrielles pour la France à l’horizon 2030. Le 14 octobre 2013 à 18:03 • Maxime Lambert
The former England national team footballer took his first coaching role as an assistant manager to Dean Smith in Championship’s Aston VillaJohn Terry is working on his first coaching role as an assistant manager in his former club Aston Villa.The English Championship club has recently hired Dean Smith, who will be Terry’s boss on this new challenge.But the former national team footballer wants to be a manager himself, although it will take more time for this to become true.
Cowley explains why he changed his mind about Huddersfield Manuel R. Medina – September 9, 2019 Last week Danny Cowley rejected the chance to coach Huddersfield Town in the English Championship, but today he accepted saying it was a good opportunity.“I have aspirations to be a manager one day but that is in four or five years – I’m nowhere near the finished article,” Terry said according to Team Talk.“Even my first day was a real eye-opener for me – as a player you don’t realize the depth and the amount of work that goes on.”“You turn up as a player and get on with the session. Yesterday we were going through it for an hour beforehand, and then another hour and a half afterward,” he added.“I am still building my ideas and my philosophy. I have learned over the years from many great managers – I am a sponge and I am keen to learn from him [Smith] and [assistant] Richard O’Kelly.”
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On Monday morning, Demetria Cain stood at the entrance of Codwell Elementary and gave cheery shout-outs to students and their parents. She estimates she gave at least 200 hugs on back-to-school, which felt different for many students and teachers recovering from Harvey’s floodwaters.“Especially with everything that’s going on, to have the students back in school to have a different environment, to be here with their friends, it helps,” Cain said. “To see them come in and have smiles on their faces and their parents have smiles on their faces, not knowing what they’ve been through, we just want to be positive, to keep them positive as well.”More than 250 schools in Houston welcomed back thousands of students and teachers Monday, as the state’s largest school district finally kicked off the school year.Harvey’s floodwaters and damage caused a two week delay, but Superintendent Richard Carranza said they were able to open more schools Monday than originally planned. Some schools are still closed, and rolling start dates will continue through Sept. 25, for now. Carranza said that crews are moving quickly and they’re trying to beat that date.At a press conference in an elementary school library, Mayor Sylvester Turner praised the district’s work. And he pledged to support Houston schools as they not only recover from Harvey, but also face the tough challenge to improve at least 10 chronically failing schools, or face a state-appointed board of managers.In the meantime, Carranza urged families who are displaced to attend whichever school they can access, adding that attendance rules will be more flexible during this recovery period.“You know, like the old song, ‘Love the one you’re with?’ Go with the school you’re near, OK?” Carranza said. “We want you in a school because once you’re in school, you’re going to get a supportive environment, you’re going to get three meals, you’re going to get a whole support system.”Carranza said that about 270 teachers weren’t able to report back because they’re still recovering from Harvey themselves, but he expects they’ll all be back in two weeks. A couple dozen schools are scheduled to open Tuesday, and more next Monday. Teachers for those campuses are scheduled to attend training in how to deal with crisis and trauma in the classroom until they start.Carranza said that nine schools are still planned to open in new locations — perhaps vacant buildings or doubled-up on other campuses – on Sept. 25.For educators, getting back to school also felt different this year.“It was almost like a victory march to know that our families were displaced in different areas. And just to make sure that we knew where they were to welcome them back,” said Raquel Sosa-Gonzalez, principal at Bruce Elementary. During the two-delay because of Harvey, Sosa-Gonzalez searched for students at the city’s mega-shelter in the George R. Brown Convention Center and after she found them, brought them supplies and gave some informal classes.“And so it was almost like we did it. We made it. We are here, the students are here, we’re ready to learn:” – / 4 Listen
Grass Fires Seen on Satellite #dfwwx #txwx #ctxwx pic.twitter.com/lds2xhGnKk— NWS Fort Worth (@NWSFortWorth) January 22, 2018 FORT WORTH FIRE DEPARTMENT / TWITTERFort Worth Fire Department helped contain a wildfire near Interstate 20 and Walsh Ranch in Aledo.A fast-moving wildfire borne by gusty westerly winds forced evacuation Monday afternoon of a nearby subdivision and school and closed two heavily traveled interstate highways in North Texas.Thick smoke from the fire not only closed about 15 miles of Interstates 20 and 30 from Willow Park, Texas, east to the western outskirts of Fort Worth. That smoke could be detected as far as 50 miles to the southeast visually and by radar.The Texas A&M Forest Service said the fire had scored at least 1,000 acres but had been 40 percent contained by late Monday afternoon. All east and westbound lanes are closed on I-20 and I-30 from I-820 in Tarrant County to Farm to Market Road 5 in Parker County due to wildfires. Please delay travel or find alternate route.— TxDOT Fort Worth (@TxDOTFTWPIO) January 22, 2018Aledo ISD evacuated Walsh and McCall elementary schools, the Dallas Morning News reported. Fire line established along Walsh Ranch rd. Fire contained along the East side. pic.twitter.com/izFvC25nZT— Fort Worth Fire Dept (@FortWorthFire) January 22, 2018The National Weather Service had issued a red-flag warning for Monday as westerly winds gusting up to 35 mph combined with dry humidity for a high risk of wildfires throughout North Texas. However, weather forecasters say they expect the wind gusts to diminish overnight, raising hopes for a diminished wildfire risk.Other wildfires were scattered throughout North Texas, some threatening homes. Officials had no immediate word on injuries, however.The combination of gusty northwesterly winds & minimum relative humidities in the teens & 20s will result in elevated fire weather conditions today along & west of a Gainesville to Hillsboro line. #dfwwx #ctxwx #texomawx pic.twitter.com/IgbM8f4MDi— NWS Fort Worth (@NWSFortWorth) January 22, 2018Other grass fires in North TexasDenton County: A fire in Flower Mound, at the northeast corner of FM1171 and U.S. Highway 377, started Monday morning, and after burning about 200 acres was reported under control around 3 p.m.#BREAKING: Several agencies are assisting to contain a large grass fire that has burned almost 100 acres in Denton County near Argyle, officials said. https://t.co/KqU7sJY70l pic.twitter.com/Zx9YvKTVrs— NBC DFW (@NBCDFW) January 22, 2018Parker County: A fire near State Highway 199 and Ross Lane also forced evacuations. Grayson County: A fire destroyed one vacant home and a vehicle, but firefighters were able to save several other homes, according to the Morning News. It was 95 percent contained at 14.5 acres.More: Fires were also reported in Weatherford, Decatur and Wise County.3:42 PM: 2 new grass fires have started in Wise county. One near Boonsville and the other just north of Decatur. #dfwwx #txwx #txfire— NWS Fort Worth (@NWSFortWorth) January 22, 2018 Share
The sight of young students trailing around with video cameras and filming a historical monument isn’t very usual. Yet, retelling stories, documenting history and creating an online buzz about monuments are now in vogue with school and college students in India.To help college-going students realise the importance of heritage structures, Cultural Resource Conservation Initiative (CRCI), a Delhi-based body working towards interdisciplinary, community focused heritage conservation is set to kick-start its initiative to educate the young on September 16. Also Read – ‘Playing Jojo was emotionally exhausting’The initiative, aims to bridge ‘the disconnect with the history of the Grant Trunk road in Punjab.’ ‘Students cannot relate with historical monuments because they are unable to connect with the past. There are no memories that they can relate with,’ director CRCI, Gurmeet Rai said.This drive, in collaboration with the British Council targets college students, who learn to document, conserve and therefore develop a connect with historical monuments under expert guidance. Also Read – Leslie doing new comedy special with NetflixRai says, ‘Monuments are no isolated architecture of historical importance. They must be related to people and seen through the lens of ‘people’s monuments’. It’s importance to retell stories to be able to develop a sense of belonging to our past.’ The CRCI also plans to upscale this project to several cities, highlighting the role of college students in retelling historical stories. In its newest chapter, FilmIt India, an initiative by INTACH’s Heritage Conservation and Education services guided school children to film diverse culture and heritage of the city under guidance of documentary filmmakers.The initiative spread across 30 schools in Delhi began with a workshop highlighting the importance of content students must look for, followed by a film-making workshop.
Throughout the United States, when anyone thinks of the American Industrial Revolution, they think of Eli Whitney, who invented both the cotton gin and the first assembly line for firearms. Our history books in schools boast Whitney as the first person to mass produce a product in American History. The books also link Whitney and his cotton gin to southern plantations.One does not, however, recall that there was another Connecticut industry which was mass producing something before Whitney fulfilled his government contract for muskets in 1809. A second Eli, Mr. Eli Terry, was mass-producing clocks in the thousands in Plymouth, Connecticut by 1807.Eli Terry Sr. (1772 – 1852). Photo Courtesy of the PlymouthHistorical SocietyEli Whitney is credited as the first to mass produce anything in the country, based on his 1798 government contract to produce 4,000 firearms by September of 1799. The context in this statement is that Whitney didn’t do it.Not only did he fail to produce even a single musket by 1799, but he also failed to produce the 6,000 others which he persuaded the government that he would have by September of 1800. He didn’t complete this contract until 1809, and all parts had to be hand filed and fitted in a labor-intensive and time-consuming process.Eli WhitneyEli Terry was born at East Windsor Connecticut, and learned the clockmaking trade from Daniel Burnap and the Cheney’s of East Hartford. Terry moved to Watertown, Connecticut in 1793, and set up a clock shop there to avoid local competition.What Terry probably never imagined was that this area would be the clock making capital of the world for over 150 years to come; or that a worker he trained, Seth Thomas, would be a household name in nearly every place in the country up until the 21st century!East Windsor, ConnecticutBy 1795, Terry had set up a clock shop in a section of Watertown renamed Plymouth, Connecticut. In 1805, he established the first water-powered clock factory in the western hemisphere on a brook in his back yard.At this time, a clockmaker would produce on average about one or two dozen clocks a year. In this new shop, Terry began producing 200 clocks a year. The next year, Terry opened up a new clock shop with a much stronger source of water power.A wooden gear shelf clock movement made by Eli Terry, 1825. Photo by Tom Vaughn CC BY-SA 4.0In June 1806, Terry was contracted by Levi G. and Edward Porter, Yankee Peddlers from Waterbury (later the home of the Radium Girls), to produce 4,000 clocks within three years.Terry hired and trained Seth Thomas and Silas Hoadley to work this new factory. By 1808, the first 1,000 clocks were finished, and by 1809, the final 3,000 were delivered. In the fall of 1809, an extra thousand clocks were produced from leftover stock.Photo by Tom Vaughn CC BY-SA 4.0How did he do it? Terry set up a system of interchangeable parts. He used a milling machine, templates, and jigs to produce identical parts every time. Once a set amount of parts were made, he would send the batches over to an assembly line, the first in the country, to assemble and finish the clocks.Terry, who had made about $16,000 in land and cash transactions, sold this factory in 1810 to Hoadley and Thomas and relocated to a much larger river in the western portion of town. It is at this new factory that Terry also became the first person to mass produce a standard shelf clock, which evolved into the modern timepieces we have today.Wooden-gear tower clock installed at Plymouth, Connecticut, 1838. Photo by Tom Vaughn CC BY-SA 4.0Simply put, we credit Eli Whitney as the founder of the American Industrial Revolution because it is easier to link his industry into chronological order with cotton production, slavery, and the ensuing war.The authors of our nations’ history books don’t wish to be bothered with trying to place proper historic figures in their proper places. The American clock industry, which was the first to establish mass production in the US (using interchangeable parts), isn’t something that can be easily related to other historic American events.Eli Terry Sr. (1772 – 1852)On a side note, it is fair to state that Mr. Terry and his entire family were anti-slavery abolitionists. Terry’s house at Plymouth has a secret room in which runaway slaves would take refuge. His son, Henry, had a false basement in his home across the street, for the same purpose.Terry’s legacy left hundreds of clock industries in his region. The town of Plymouth had 83 different manufacturers of clock-related products. Chauncey Jerome, who learned from Terry, set up a clock shop in the neighboring town Bristol, where he was manufacturing 20,000 brass clocks a year by 1839.Bristol, which became the clock making capital of the world, saw over 275 different clock manufacturers through its history. Jerome later established the New Haven Clock Company, and the Waterbury Clock Company, which would evolve into Timex.Seth Thomas, who worked the Porter Contract under Terry was the leading independent clock producer in the region.He died in 1859, and the western section of Plymouth was renamed Thomaston in his honor. Seth Thomas clocks were produced under his name until well into the 21st century.Seth Thomas, clockmakerIn the end, we can conclude that Eli Whitney was, in fact, the first to mass produce firearms, but never invented the milling machine, the assembly line, nor accomplished interchangeable parts.It is Eli Terry who first established mass production using interchangeable parts and the first American assembly line, before Eli Whitney managed to finish his contracts.Read another story from us: Rage Against the Machines: The Beginnings of the Anti-Industrial MovementEli Terry was both the last of the handcraftsmen, and the first American industrialist. He retired from clock making a wealthy man, and occasionally made some brass wall clocks in his free time, before his death on February 24, 1852, at Terryville, Connecticut.
Green Tourism Active (GT-Active) standard has now been recognised by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council. This ‘GSTC-Recognised’ status affirms Green Tourism Active’s commitment to promote sustainable tourism products and services.“We are exceptionally proud of obtaining the GSTC-Recognised status. This achievement both highlights and confirms GT-Active’s commitment to sustainability,” said GT-Active Programme Director, Sophie Nortje.The GT-Active standard promotes complete and forward thinking, in-depth assessment of business operations, including sustainability management factors as well as environmental, socio-economic, cultural and conservation efforts. It focuses on changing behavioural patterns through informed consumer choice, education, cost reduction, and public and conservation benefit programmes.The awarded status signifies that a sustainable tourism standard has been reviewed by GSTC technical experts and the GSTC Accreditation Panel, in order to be deemed equivalent to the GSTC criteria. This also entails administration of the standard. Till date, 27 standards have achieved the GSTC-Recognised status.“We congratulate Green Tourism Active for taking this step to spotlight that their sustainability standard includes the wide breadth of sustainability components that is proven by gaining the GSTC-Recognised status,” said CEO, GSTC, Randy Durband.